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 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic heart disease.  It consists of 4 defects in the heart of the child (tetralogy): Pulmonary Stenosis and Infundibular Stenosis (obstruction to right ventricular outflow due to narrowing of one or more points from right ventricle to Pulmonary artery). Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)- Abnormal opening or hole in the septum between the two ventricles. Overriding of Aorta over the VSD- The Aorta is placed over the VSD, instead of being over left ventricle. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy: abnormal enlargement of heart muscle of right ventricle. Blood is shunted from right side of heart to left side of heart with varying degrees of cyanosis. If mild, patient may not have visible cyanosis- known as Pink TOF. With severe disease, cyanosis is visible in neonatal period- known as Ductal Dependent TOF. Clinical Features: Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of skin due to inadequate oxygenation of blood. Rapid breathing or dyspnea while feedi...

 DRDO (Defense Research and Development Organization) has developed 2-DG  (2 Deoxy-D-Glucose) for Covid19 and the first batch of this Anti-Covid19 drug was released by Defense and Health Ministers of India on 17/5/2021. 2-DG has got emergency approval as an adjunct drug in moderate to severe cases of Covid19 in India. Click Image for Source. Mechanism of Action and Role in Cancer treatment: Glucose is metabolized through 2 pathway in human body. Aerobic (Oxidative phosphorylation) and Anaerobic (Glycolysis). 2-DG was earlier used as an adjuvant therapy in some Cancers. 2-DG blocks Glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism of Glucose). 2.DG forms a dead end in Glycolysis at the Isomerase enzyme level. Cancer cells which largely depend on Glucose for their energy, have a lot of Glucose transporters on their cells, thereby taking in large amounts of 2-DG (which mimics Glucose). Cancer cells utilize Glycolysis to metabolize Glucose- This was demonstrated by Nobel Laurette Otto Warburg. B...

Bill Gates, who is involved in worldwide Depopulation programs, has also invested hugely in vaccination programs. This combination makes lot of people hard to believe him and the likes of him when he talks about Philanthropy and Charity for the welfare of people. late last year in a live interview, Bill Gates talks about "Trade off" where he advocates for having "less safety testing than we typically have" and that "the governments have to decide will they indemnify the companies and say lets go out with this as we dont have the time as we normally do." For an innocent onlooker, it looks like a reasonable statement but if you take a closer look, he is calling for vaccine deaths and morbidity to be overlooked by governments. In the same interview he says that we cant be sure about the efficacy of the vaccine.  Early in Jan 2021, Professor Gagandeep Kang of Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (one of the most prestigious Medical Institute in India) had...

Serum Institute of India (SII) is the producer and distributor of the AstraZeneca-OxfordUniversity Covid19 vaccine (COVISHIELD) in India and other third world countries. Adar Poonawalla, the CEO of Serum Institute of India had recently fled to London, citing 'threats' from Chief Ministers of states, some corporate bosses and VIPs. But Mr. Poonawalla had been making flip flopping his statements regarding the delay in Covishield production and the difference in its cost (sold at higher costs to state governments and private hospitals when compared to central government). We will follow the chronology of events to understand what really is going on here- based on news articles: Late March, 2021: AstraZeneca sends legal notices to SII over delays in vaccine supplies. ( Click Here ). April 6, 2021: Poonawalla demands 3000 crores aid from the government for the production of Covishield. Suggests that SII had lost millions as India had haulted/slowed the export of Covishield-attract...

In May 2016, a petitioner K. Rajendran had knocked the doors of Madras High Court alleging that harmful chemical called Alloxan is being added to the white flour (all purpose flour). Alloxan is a toxic glucose analogue and selectively destroys the beta cells of pancreas, which is responsible for insulin production. This pyrimidine derivative (Alloxan) has been used to induce Diabetes in lab rats during experimental studies. But conveniently 'studies have shown' that Alloxan does not cause diabetes or beta cell destruction in Humans. We know how flawed and biased these so called 'studies' could be sometimes. Even if it does not cause instant damage, may be it may have disastrous effect on our health in a long run, like a slow poison. Have these 'studies' looked into effect of Alloxan and other chemicals present in maida, on the health of a person over a period of time? Chemicals found in Maida: Picture courtesy: Dr. Aniruddha Joshi's Healthonics.  Cli...

It is said that nothing in this world was created without a purpose. Everything we see around us is in one way or another useful. What have we, as medical students and professionals, always been told about bilirubin? That is a byproduct in the degradation of heme and helps in iron cycle in the body. That if its serum level is more than 1.0 to 1.2 mg/dL, it is called jaundice. Then we talk about Kernicterus, Dubin Johnson's, Rotor's, Crigler najjar Syndromes etc etc, disorders of bilirubin. On the whole, bilirubin is considered as a marker of hepatic disease. But what we are not taught is the purpose of bilirubin. In our medical curriculum, we immerse ourselves in blood levels of substances, lab tests, drug treatment and we tend to overlook simple basics of Medicine. In spring 2016, I had got my hands on a commentary of Ibn Sina's (Avicenna) 'Canon of Medicine' (Al Qanun Fil Tibb). Considered as one of the most authentic and all time greats in the history of Med...

Ergonomics is the process of designing or arranging workplaces, products and systems so that they fit the people who use them. To achieve best practice design, Ergonomists use the data and techniques of several disciplines: Anthropometry: body sizes, shapes; populations and variations  Biomechanics: muscles, levers, forces, strength environmental  Physics: noise, light, heat, cold, radiation, vibration  Body systems: hearing, vision, sensations  Applied psychology: skill, learning, errors, differences  Social psychology: groups, communication, learning, behaviours. Click Here.   Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are among the most frequently reported causes of lost or restricted work time. Musculoskeletal disorders affect muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves and blood vessels. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics, MSDs cause 33% of all work related injuries and illness cases. Click Here . Spine Ergonomics: Low Back Pain (LBP) is an immense...

Where is the Mind in human body? Is it in the brain? or in the heart? Brain and Heart are nothing but organs present in the human body. Do they contain 'Mind'?  What do we imply when we say 'Mind'? Generally speaking 'Mind' implies intelligence, intellect, focus, analytical ability etc. Let us pose a question that will simplify our previous question. You remember those unicellular organisms? with cellwall and one nucleus. Primitive life forms we are told? Are they 'mindless' organisms roaming around invisible to our eyes? Or are they intelligent enough to search and find their food, retract back from pain, identify hostile environments. The answer is obvious, they are intelligent and they do have mind. So where is its mind when it don't even have a Heart or Brain or even a neuron for that matter? Now let us pose another question: What is mind? Is it intellect? or Is it our memories? Our cognitive, analytical skills? It is quite hard to define ...